an air–assisted liquid–liquid microextraction method for the extraction and preconcentration of trace amounts of some synthetic phenolic antioxidants in biological fluids followed by their determination by gas chromatography–flame ionization detection has been reported. in this method the target analytes are extracted into a few microliters of carbon tetrachloride (extraction solvent) from an a...

since solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction (spme and lpme) were introduced, as effective solvent-free methods, many efforts have been made to improve their modes and applications. however, due to limitations with sensitivity and efficiency, researchers have focused on improving the performance of their basic primary modes. in this way, in recent years, different methods such as ultrason...

Phthalate esters are endocrine disrupters or mutagens. They are widely used as plasticizers and can be usually found in environmental samples, such as food, soil and polluted air. However, it is difficult to directly determine phthalate esters owing to their relatively low concentration and complex matrices. Therefore, preconcentration and separation have become increasingly important. In recen...

The present research describes the use of directly suspended drop microextraction and air-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method coupled with UV-Vis spectrophotometer for the analysis of doxepin in water and biological samples. Several important parameters which influence the extraction efficiencies of these two microextraction methods, such as the kind of extracting solven...

A new, rapid and sensitive microextraction technique named vortex-assisted liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLLME) is proposed. The complete extraction process involves two steps. First, a vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VALLME) procedure was used to extract the analytes from a relatively large volume of sample (donor phase) to a small volume of organic solvent (intermedia...

For the first time, a novel and efficient ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted in-situ solvent formation microextraction (IL-UA-ISFME) combined with high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) has been successfully developed for the determination of duloxetine (DLX) in human plasma. Herein, an environmentally-friendly hydrophobic ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidaz...

the dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (dllme) method for determination of pb +2 and cd +2 ions in the environmental water samples was combined with inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (icp-aes). ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (apdc), chloroform and ethanol were used as chelating agent, extraction solvent and disperser solvent, respectively. some effective parame...

Abbreviations: AIBN, 2,20-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile; ASE, Accelerated solvent extraction; CAR, Carboxen; DAD, Diode-array detector; DI-SPME, Direct-immersion solid-phase extraction; DSPE, Dispersive solid-phase extraction; EGDMA, Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate; ESE, Enhanced solvent extraction; ESI, Electrospray ionization; FD, Fluorescence detection; FLD, Fluorimetric detection; GC, Gas chromat...